Palamon Love free essay sample

Palamon wants Arcite to let his eyes of Emily and not interfere, but Arcite says l loved her first as women and on my head I swear, love is a greater law than any other that may be given to any earthly man. (pg. 89) love replaces all other commitments. They both show each other how much they love Emily. Later on, they both somehow manage to get out of prison. First, Arcite got out and after seven years Palamon. They both suddenly meet at grove in ngry looks and want to fight for Emily, while Theseus appearing there too with his wife and Emily. At first Theseus wanted to kill them, but seeing the situation of theirs he changes his mind and sets up arena for them to fght. They both are ready to do anything to grant Emily as wife. Then, Theseus builds 3 temples. Venus (the goddess of love), Mars (the god of war), and Diana (the goddess of chastity). We will write a custom essay sample on Palamon Love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Palamon went to Venus to ask to get Emily, Arcite went to Mars to ask to win the war, and Emily went to Diana to ask to say virgin or else marry a guy love her the most. After that, the battle begun and Arcite won the war with the help of the god that he visited, and Palamon lost, but in the end Palamon won and got Emily. Palamon won because of Pluto who sent earthquake at Saturns request for Venus. Arcite dies because of earthquake and fell from his horse and hits his head to ground. He died as noble knight to get Emily, and didnt care about his brotherhood relationship with Palamon while fghing against him for Emily. The knight is noble, conqueror, gentle and has pity, which he is similar to Theseus the character in the story that he is telling. The gentle duke jumped down from his horse with pitying heart as he heard them speak. (pg. 77) Theseus takes pity on those women that he meets on his way and gives what the women asked for. Which it looks like that the Knight is describing himself as Theseus. He likes fghting from the beginning so he made arrangement for Arcite and Palamon to fght over Emily. The story starts with battle of Amazons and after he marries the queen of Amazon as price of winning a battle besides the story also ends with Palamon marrying Emily in which he also get her by winning the battle.

Smart Innovative Energy System-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Smart innovative energy system and how it contributes to reducing the ecological footprint of the United Arab Emirates. Answer: Introduction Background With the technological development occurring at a rapid rate, it is essential to have advanced, smart and renewable sources of energy. The energy crisis is believed to be the immediate impact of the same, which is one of the major cause of economic and environmental crisis. Currently, the global society is mainly dependent on limited Worlds resources for production and supply of energy. The over-production of energy is also causing the issues of environmental degradation (Sbia, Shahbaz Hamdi, 2014). The introduction of the smart innovation within the energy system is essential in the given context as it can produce cost effective energy solutions. It is also possible to generate sustainable source of energy that are needed to meet up with the energy crisis of the future generation. The UAE is the third country in the globe after Japan and Switzerland to adopt innovative smart energy techniques to deal with the issues of energy crisis and reduce the ecological footprint of human activity. Problem The energy crisis and the environmental degradation are caused due to the over-consumption of energy. This has resulted in the increase in the total amount of ecological footprint. The global society in the modern day is mostly dependent upon the fossil fuel, which is believed to be the root cause of all forms of energy crisis. In spite of that UAE is considered to have huge volume of natural resources, it is estimated that the same is not going to continue forever. The oil resources of the nation are believed to deplete within next 40 to 50 years. This is one of the biggest effects of rising ecological foot prints due to increased human activity. The fast rate of UAE economic growth will help the nation to contribute for nearly half of the total energy contribution all around the globe (Sbia, Shahbaz Hamdi 2014). Nevertheless, it is important to have alternate source of renewable energy. This is only possible by improving the technological infrastructure of the nation and introducing the techniques of smart innovations. Aim The aim of the study is to understand the importance of smart, innovative technology and the ways it can help in reducing ecological footprints in UAE Objectives To discuss the importance of smart innovative energy system To understand the importance of smart innovative energy system to reduce the ecological footprint in UAE Literature Review UAE ecological footprint Being one of the top developing nations in the globe UAE has witnessed Rapid economic growth in the last decades. This is automatically caused increased demand for energy and natural resources that are needed to boost the manufacturing sector. In the year 2007 the Environment ministry agency of UAE has initiated the idea of Ecological Footprint, which was done in partnership with the Emirates Wildlife Society and WWF (UAE.Panda, 2018). The main purpose of this parameter is to measure the Nations impact on the total volume of natural resources that are being used by the country. It is done by calculating the rate of natural resource consumption with that of the ability of a nation to renew the natural resources (Taleb, 2014). The main purpose of measuring ecological footprint is to identify the scientific cause of increasing environmental degradation and carbon footprint. It can also help in developing scientific based policy. This process can be utilised in government affairs in dealing with matters related to that of environmental policy. According to the latest report, the ecological footprint of UAE dropped to 7.75 hectares per person to that of 11.68 hectare in 2006 (UAE ecological footprint, 2018). Hence, the initiative of ecological footprint has helped the nation by improving their sustainability factors. In spite of rapid Urban Development, UAE has been able to control the environmental pollution. After Switzerland and Japan, UAE is the third nation in the globe to initiate the concept of ecological footprint. Environmental impact Charfeddine and Khediri (2016), have mentioned about the fact that uncontrolled is the primary cause of negative environmental impact. The country has the seventh largest Oil natural reserve in the world, which is the major cause of environmental loss in the form of wildlife destruction. The nation also has to face the issue of Limited agricultural land, most of which has been destroyed by the agricultural firms. With the total increase in the number of industrial business organisations, the Nation has to face the challenge of sustainability (Asif, 2016). Due to lack of planning in sustainable development programmes, the socio ecological balance has hugely been affected within the nation. According to Al-Mulali et al., (2015), the parameter of ecological footprint has been quite effective to measure the overall environmental impact that is caused due to the over exploitation of natural oil Reserves. The activities of oil mining had huge impact upon the natural resources of UAE. Current energy consumption With the Rapid rise of population and economic growth in UAE, the demand for electricity and another source of energy continues to grow. By the year 2021, it is estimated that the average demand for annual energy demands will grow at a rate of 5.6% per annum. It is also estimated that the share of power generation from gas will reduce from 98% to 76% by 2021 due to the increasing popularity of smart innovative energy solutions (Government.ae, 2018). It is important to note that the energy industry plays a major role in shaping up the economy of UAE. In the global market, the nation plays an important role in deciding upon the price of oil and petroleum products. This is mainly due to the fact that UAE is the fifth largest Oil producing nation in the globe. With the help of effective leadership and government policies it is possible for the country to have high diversity in energy mix. This is also possible due to the sustainable development measures that are being included in government planning. Government is also investing in improving the existing Technology for resource conservation and renewable energy development. This is believed to be one of the effective policies that aim to deal with the challenge of rising energy consumption (Mancini et al., 2016). Energy Conservation According to Allcott and Rogers (2014), as the rate of energy consumption is rapidly increasing due to over exploitation of natural resources, conservation policies are highly essential in order to implement sustainable development for future generations. In general the aim of energy consumption policy is to reduce the energy consumption with per capita demand level. Nejat et al., (2015), have added that with lower rate of energy consumption it is possible to reduce the cost of energy production. It can also help to reduce the ecological footprint that he is causing environmental degradation problems for the society. As the average rate of energy consumption is increasing in UAE every year, the policies of energy conservation have been one of the major challenges. The introduction of smart and effective energy producing policy is believed to be a major part of energy consumption planning. According to Han et al., (2014), the implementation of Smart Home Energy Management System is believed to the key for popularizing the techniques of sustainable energy consumption. It can therefore help to improve the popularity of the renewable energy producing techniques. Khare, Nema and Baredar, (2016), have mentioned that integration of renewable energy system in domestic and commercial purpose is highly challenging due to the unpredictable nature of its efficiency rate. For example with solar energy producing technique that is one of the easiest ways to produce renewable energy, there are high levels of uncertainty that includes natural forces of sun and wind speed. The higher cost of maintenance in storing solar energy in the form of electricity is also one of the major challenges that prevent its popularization. Innovative system that helps the reduction In order to improve the efficiency rate of renewable energy sources, it is essential to invest more in research and development work of smart innovation techniques. One of the major drawbacks of current form of energy producing technique is the loss that is caused due to transportation of energy through long distances. Hence, Mathiesen et al., (2015) have suggested that in order to implement smart energy solution it is highly essential to set up energy producing plants near the urban areas, where it will be possible to reduce loss of electricity or energy that is caused due to transportation. It is also essential to design the commercial and domestic equipment that can help in less volume of energy consumption. This can be implemented by introducing energy efficient electronic gadgets and automobiles. Null Hypothesis H1: Smart energy solutions are responsible for reducing ecological foot print in the society of UAE H0: Smart energy solutions have no effects in reducing the ecological foot print in UAE Conceptual Framework Figure: Conceptual Framework Source: Author Methodology The research methodology chapter provides the overall framework of research designs and techniques that will be used to collect data. This data will be analyzed effectively to draw conclusions upon the research subject. Research Philosophy Positivism and interpretivism are the two main type of research philosophy that is implemented in most investigation works. The positivism philosophy deals with real facts related to the research problem. On the other hand, the interpretivism is dependent upon people's perception of the given area of research. In other words, interpretivism is dependent upon the opinion provided by the people about the research problem (Saunders et al., 2015). For the given research work, the positivism philosophy will be used in order to use real facts related to energy crisis in UAE. It can also help them to make logical conclusion about the solutions that can be implemented to draw proper conclusion. Research Design The three main kinds of Research Design include explanatory, exploratory and descriptive. The type of Research Design is selected based upon the am and research problem. Psychological aspects of the research problem give prior importance in exploratory methods. In case of explanatory method, the investigator aims to describe the data without understanding their positive and negative outcome (Lewis, 2015). For the given research work, however, the investigator will use the descriptive form of Research Design. This will help in framing specific set of questions that are required to collect essential data about smart energy solutions and ecological footprint in UAE. Data Collection methods Most research works are dependent upon primary and secondary forms of research. In primary form of Data Collection, the information is directly collected from sample size of the research through interview and survey. On the other hand, in case of secondary research information or collected from previously researched the same topic. The primary Research and data collection methods are mostly dependent upon quantitative form of analysis (Cleary, Horsfall Hayter, 2014). Here the investigator uses mathematical and statistical tools in order to conclude from the numerical data. On the other hand qualitative form of analysis is dependent upon making conclusion through personal experience and perception of people. The given research work will mostly dependent upon primary form of research. Here, the researcher will conduct interview with various stakeholders of the energy producing sector in UAE. The interview questions will be frame in order to extract more information related to the energy policies that are being implemented by the UAE government. Ethical Issues As the researchers will directly interact with the stakeholders of energy producing department in UAE it is essential to follow certain ethical protocols. It is essential for the researchers to use genuine data without manipulating the same. This will help to ensure that the conclusions that are drawn from the research work are reliable and can be used for future purposes. Interview Questions What do you think is the current rate of energy consumption in the UAE? What are the main strategies that are implemented by the UAE government in order to reduce the ecological footprint? Do you think the concept of introducing ecological footprint has been effective? How do you think it is possible to control the over exploitation of natural resources in UAE? How far do you believe that the current policy of energy conservation by the UAE government can help to introduce the system of smart energy innovation? How far do you think introducing smart energy innovation system can help to reduce the carbon footprint in the society of UAE? Are the citizens of UAE are currently aware about the uses of smart energy innovative system? What is the future of using smart energy efficeinecy techniques in the society of UAE? How it is possible to deal with the issues of technological infrastructure that are needed to implement smart innovative techniches in the matter of energy manufacturing sectors? How do you think it is possible to raise the level of awareness within people about using smart energy innovatio Main Findings and Interpretation Findings 1: The current rate of energy consumption in UAE is going up rapidly due to the fast rate of economic development and urbanization. The per capita rate of energy consumption is currently estimated to be around 1.5 kilo joule per person per year. Findings 2: The UAE government has introduced the concept of ecological footprint, which can help to measure the rate of energy consumption and depletion. This can help in understanding the total volume of natural resources that are being utilised by the society every year. It can thereby help to implement effective Energy Conservation Policy is depending upon rate of energy consumption. Findings 3: As the concept of ecological footprint has been introduced by the energy conservation Society of UAE, it is possible to significantly reduce the over exploitation of natural resources. This is evident from the fact that per capita rate of energy consumption has been reduced significantly in the past 10 years. Most importantly, with the introduction of ecological footprint parameter it is possible to raise awareness among the stakeholders of energy producing Industry. This will help them to initiate effective measures to implement smart energy innovative system for UAE society. Findings 4: The introduction in the concept ecological footprint has provided essential data related to the current rate of energy consumption. As smart energy solutions have been introduced within the society of UAE, it is possible to reduce the overall high rate of energy consumption. With essential data that are available to the government, it is possible to monitor the overall rates of exploitation and usages of natural resources. Findings 5: The current policy of the energy consumption, it is possible to reduce the overall effects of the environmental degradation. As the government officials become more aware of the facts related to that of the energy consumption, it is possible to reduce the overall effects of the destruction of natural resources. In order to reduce the ecological footprint, it is highly essential to implement the strategy of sustainable development program. Findings 6: The introduction of smart energy innovation system aims to popularize the usages of renewable and clean energy system. It also aims to reduce the overall loss and over-consumption of energy that is caused due to fuel ineffective machineries and equipments. These machines are used for both domestic and commercial purposes. Findings 7: After the introduction of the idea of ecological footprint, it is possible to reduce the overall effects of energy overconsumption. As the society is becoming aware of the matters related to global warming and environmental degradation, it is possible to popularize the usages of smart energy solutions. Discussion Linking with objective 1 From the literature review section, it is clear that with the help of the rapid rate of industrialization, UAE has been able to establish as one of the fastest moving economics. In spite of being the fifth largest oil producing nation, with the current rates of consumption the natural oil reserves are estimated to end by next 40-50 years. Hence, due the introduction of smart energy innovative systems it is possible to implement the systems of sustainable development. Hence, it will be possible to preserve the natural resources for future generation, thereby reducing the effects of ecological footprints. Linking with objective 2: From the data that are given the literature review section, it is evident that after the introduction of the smart innovative energy system, it is possible to reduce the overall effects of overconsumption of energy. The per capita rate of energy consumption has also been reduced. It is also possible to reduce the effects of over carbon emission. More significant effects are evident due to the popularization of the energy conservation techniques that have been implemented as a part of the sustainable development plan. Conclusion The research will conclude by mentioning about the importance of smart energy conservation techniques. With the introduction of the principles of ecological foot print, it will be possible to improve the existing government plans related to the energy conservation. As the natural resources are depleting at faster rates, it is necessary for the UAE government to act effectively to make use of the research and developmental work. This will help them in implementing the policies of sustainable development. The research work will also highlight the existing environmental issues that are encountered with the UAE society. It will also be possible to predict upon the future environmental degradation effects that can be caused due to the over exploration of the oil and natural gas reserves. It is recommended for the future researchers to focus more upon the easy process of implementing the techniques of smart energy efficiency system. This can help in the process of meeting up the needs of the society as the requirement of energy is rising rapidly. Hence, it will be possible to ensure that there are no forms of hindrance in the rapid rates of economic development within the society of UAE. Hence, from the result and findings of the research, it will be possible to prove the H1 hypothesis that suggests that smart energy solutions are needed to deal with the issues of reducing ecological footprint in UAE. References Allcott, H., Rogers, T. (2014). The short-run and long-run effects of behavioral interventions: Experimental evidence from energy conservation. American Economic Review, 104(10), 3003-37. Al-Mulali, U., Weng-Wai, C., Sheau-Ting, L., Mohammed, A. H. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecological Indicators, 48, 315-323. Asif, M. (2016). Growth and sustainability trends in the buildings sector in the GCC region with particular reference to the KSA and UAE. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 1267-1273. Charfeddine, L., Khediri, K. B. (2016). Financial development and environmental quality in UAE: Cointegration with structural breaks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 1322-1335. Cleary, M., Horsfall, J., Hayter, M. (2014). Data collection and sampling in qualitative research: does size matter?. Journal of advanced nursing, 70(3), 473-475. Government.ae (2018). Retrieved 23 February 2018, from https://government.ae/en/information-and-services/environment-and-energy/natural-resources/energy- Han, J., Choi, C. S., Park, W. K., Lee, I., Kim, S. H. (2014). Smart home energy management system including renewable energy based on ZigBee and PLC. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 60(2), 198-202. Khare, V., Nema, S., Baredar, P. (2016). Solarwind hybrid renewable energy system: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 23-33. Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Health promotion practice, 16(4), 473-475. Mancini, M. S., Galli, A., Niccolucci, V., Lin, D., Bastianoni, S., Wackernagel, M., Marchettini, N. (2016). Ecological footprint: refining the carbon footprint calculation. Ecological indicators, 61, 390-403. Mathiesen, B. V., Lund, H., Connolly, D., Wenzel, H., stergaard, P. A., Mller, B., ... Hvelplund, F. K. (2015). Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions. Applied Energy, 145, 139-154. Nejat, P., Jomehzadeh, F., Taheri, M. M., Gohari, M., Majid, M. Z. A. (2015). A global review of energy consumption, CO2 emissions and policy in the residential sector (with an overview of the top ten CO2 emitting countries). Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 43, 843-862. Saunders, M. N., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., Bristow, A. (2015). Understanding research philosophy and approaches to theory development. Sbia, R., Shahbaz, M., Hamdi, H. (2014). A contribution of foreign direct investment, clean energy, trade openness, carbon emissions and economic growth to energy demand in UAE. Economic Modelling, 36, 191-197. Taleb, H. M. (2014). Using passive cooling strategies to improve thermal performance and reduce energy consumption of residential buildings in UAE buildings. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 3(2), 154-165. UAE ecological footprint (2018).The National. Retrieved 23 February 2018, from https://www.thenational.ae/uae/environment/uae-ecological-footprint-has-dropped-1.79232 UAE.Panda(2018).Uae.panda.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018, from https://uae.panda.org/what_we_do/ecological_footprint_initiative/

Dells Supply Chain

CAUSES OF TRAFFIC DEATHS

CAUSES OF TRAFFIC DEATHS When a person gets behind the wheel of a car, it is just as if they have a loaded gun in their hand, waiving it around, pointing it at them self and everyone else around them, and just millimeters from squeezing the trigger. Just like a loaded gun, a car could easily hurt or kill the driver, the passengers, or other innocent people. According to the National Center for Injury Prevention and control there were 11,792 Caucasian females killed in unintentional motor vehicle traffic accidents in the year 1995 (Scotti 2-3). There are many factors that comply with a traffic accident. The world today has become rushed and hectic, therefore everyone is always late for something. People are so caught up in their own lives that they forget what they are doing and even where they are going sometimes. They glance up at the clock and realize that they are running a few minutes late for something important or just something in general.Congressmen visit Wilson (LOC)Without even thinking they slowl y increase their speed, not worried about what kind of accident they could cause, but worried only about what they are missing by being late. Many times the reason an accident happens is because, due to their fast paced life style, people are drowsy, they are distracted, or their judgment is impaired.As a young adult you begin your training on automobile safety. Most start off at the age of 15, when you start drivers education (Wilson 1-2). In this class you begin to learn the basic laws, signs and situations you will come across and how to handle them. Before you can get your permit, you must take a test at the local Texas Department of Public Safety. Once you pass that test, you will start driving with an instructor after...

Events Management Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Events Management Law - Essay Example ........................10 Reference.............................................,11 Executive Summary The Cliffhanger Festival is an annual event that includes games and other outdoor events. The primary organiser of the event, Heason Events has some legal obligations that must be attained for a successful event to be organised. The main legal requirements are health and safety matters and licensing. The legal requirement for health and safety is rooted in the concept of negligence and the duty of care for the organisation of public events like this festival. This duty of care is supported by common law and civil law in the UK as well as European Union Laws. It puts the organisers in a position where they need to identify their duty to the participants in terms of health and safety and also put in place measures to ensure that this is honoured. The licenses required are spelt out in the Licensing Act of 2003. The necessary licenses required by Heason Events include licences to use p remises, to sell alcohol, copyright permissions for music as well as trademark permission. It is recommended that Heason Events puts in place a good risk management team that will analyse the health and safety risks involved at each stage of the event. They should set up a first aid centre and insure those that cannot be handled. Participants should be given conspicuous notices on health and safety tips. The team should monitor risks regularly. Also, Heason must put in place practical steps to ensure that all partners and exhibitors have complied with all necessary licensing requirements. This should be monitored before and during the event to prevent abuses. Introduction This paper examines the legal matters relevant to the organisation of Cliffhanger 2011, the UK’s largest outdoor event that is expected to draw about 20,000 visitors to Sheffield this year (Cliffhanger Official Website). It is aimed at inspiring and encouraging people to exercise and indulge in outdoor event s that will promote socialisation and entertainment. There are several legal issues that the organisers of the event need to be aware of and make necessary action to ensure that they are controlled to ensure that the event goes on and ends without issues and problems to the organisers. Key amongst these issues is the issue of health and safety as well as licensing. This paper critically examines the legal basis of these two main issues. This is followed by an evaluation of how these issues affect the organisation of Cliffhanger 2011. The paper concludes with recommendations on how the organisers of Cliffhanger 2011 can control these issues and ensure that they do not mar the event. Event Context The Cliffhanger festival is a major outdoor event that aims at attracting people from all over the world to come and join in the fun of its outdoor games and exhibitions. Cliffhanger is an annual event that is rotated across the UK and this year, it is being held in Sheffield between July 2n d and 4th. The festival is organised by Heason Events, Sheffield City Council and Events Sheffield. Heason events is the primary event organiser. The partners include BKSA, British Military, International Federation of Sporting Councils (IFSC), Jury’s Inn, Millhouse Works, Real Radio and SYO. Sponsors include Decathlon, Climbin Works, Yorkshire Hotels and Hammer design. Music and camping services are rendered in partnership with Alpkit UK. The festival will be opened to members of the public and it primarily targets families. It will involve a series of outdoor events

Sex violence crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sex violence crime - Essay Example This will affect the way in which criminality is ascribed, the influences of gender creating differences in the way in which the system will treat one gender in compared to another. When someone defies their gender, primarily a woman, and commits a crime that is outside of how her gender is defined, it sets society on a rampage. Even more so, if she does not publicly display enough emotion about a traumatic event in her life she can be condemned for the crime at the center of the event without the evidence supporting this eventuality. 2. Criminality and stereotypes Women have always been seen as the more passive sex, their role within society dominated by their inability to gain the physical strength that men had the capacity to gain. In the nineteenth century, especially, women from the perspectives of the Victorian aesthetics were vulnerable and needed to be taken care of by men. There were two spheres of influence that divided the sexes: men belonged in the public sphere where wom en belonged in the domestic sphere. The passive nature of a woman meant that she was incapable of making adult decisions (Davidson and Laydor 1994). Therefore, as the twentieth century began to emerge and the rise of feminism began to change that point of view, the foundational idea of how women were framed remained based upon the connotation of innocence and demure passivity that had previously been the standard. The way in which men and women interact, even when it concerns violent behaviours, is also framed by social premises that stereotype and define interaction. According to Elder (1991), stereotypes about gender are also bound up in stereotypes about race, thus creating not only a disharmony of gender relations, but of race relations. The pervasive idea of the black male aggressor against the white female victim creates an idea that there is a male archetype that represents violence with a female archetype which represents victim. The concept of the ‘other’ in wh ich inhuman attributes are connoted upon the genders in relationship to their gender can be seen in most societies. Elder (1991) goes on to discuss that in the Australian society there is the same type of connotation upon the Asian male, which puts him within the framework of the ’other’, not understood and dehumanized. Asian men are seen as a threat to the social grouping of white females through drugs and sexuality, a departure from the similar threat seen in the United States and Britain of the black male, although the black male represents a threat more often associated with violence (Elder 1991). Therefore, it can be shown that gender relationships are also complicated by race relationships, the individual parts of the whole complicated by the belief in stereotypes that ’define’ social positions within society. The objectification of men, women, and race all provide for definitions that create foundations for how society will view an event that takes place. Under this scenario, when a man commits a violent crime against a woman, it will be viewed, first on the basis of gender, and then on the basis of race. A white woman who is beaten by a white man will be viewed with slightly less threat than a white woman that is beaten by a black man. Where the stereotypes impact the public view on an event, the way in which it is treated through publicity, trial, and in punishment

The Importance Of Storytelling

The Importance Of Storytelling In her insightful essay on the tradition of Pueblo Indian storytelling Language and Literature from a Pueblo Indian Perspective Leslie Silko displays the huge role that stories play in the life of the ethnic group she originates from, she reveals the importance of storytelling for her family, ancestors, neighbors, closest friends and personally herself. In spite of the title that draws our attention to the concepts of language and literature, the main and central issue of her essay, which first appeared as a speech for delivering before the audience, is story proper. Story is not a thing to be told at certain moments in certain circumstances, if we deal with the lifestyle of Pueblo Indians. The whole life of those people is saturated with the multitude of stories and stories-within-stories. A Pueblo Indian, from his/her very birth on, hears and listens to the stories, then, growing up, begins narrating them him/herself, and in such a way all his/her life is accompanied by this vivid tradition. Thus, storytelling may be thought of as a texture of their life, for, on the one hand, the entire world and reality are perceived in the light of stories, and, on the other hand, all the collective and individual experience of the Pueblos is transformed into stories and then orally passed on to the following generations. This custom is more than just an equivalent of folklore in European or Asian traditions. Leslie Silko emphasizes that a written speech or statement is highly suspect among her people as it does not allow sharing the feelings appropriately. Mere graphical symbols are not able to express all the copiousness of human experience, but an oral word is. At first sight, it seems somewhat odd for a person reared in European tradition, but if we look back at such ancient celebrities as Socrates who also rejected the written word as contributing to the deterioration of our memory, it becomes not so alien for us as well, although the following epochs established the importance and even the preferable credibility of what is written or typed. The same may be said about the Jewish tradition, its pre-Talmudic period when Torah she be-al-pe  [1]  was prohibited from being put down; the same is about early Christian tradition when Gospels were merely told by one person to another; the Vedic period of the Hindus when their sacred texts were recited orally and were not fixed in written form. There could be found much more parallels to the phenomenon of Pueblo story telling in the history of other ethnic groups and civilization. Leslie Silko goes on and says that, for the Pueblos, language is story (Silko 49). It is most clearly illustrated by the fact that many words in the Pueblo Indian language have their own stories. When a story is told, the teller often goes into the stories of words, and thusly a phenomenon of stories-within-stories emerges. The story becomes a web that is woven in all directions, which is contrary to the convention of linear step by step narrating in European tradition. Language is story, story is language that dialectic unity of Pueblo weltanschauung determines the structure and content of their stories and the essay devoted to them in particular. The basis of any nations, ethnicitys mentality lies in their cosmogonic and theogonic myths, which constitute their collective unconscious, the latter predetermines the style of thinking, living, and interacting of a certain nation. The Pueblo Indians are not an exception here, and the author introduces the Creation story for us to understand the peculiarities of Pueblo perception of the universe. The story is significant both for its parallels and discrepancies with the Biblical creation story; moreover, the latter are more numerous and are worth being mentioned first. The world was created by Thought Woman Tseitsinako thinking of her sisters and, together with her sisters, she thought of everything that is and there appeared the world. Thus, everything that is immanent in our world is a part of the whole; every element, every constituent of the reality belongs to this whole. The humans are also an inseparable element of the universe and belong to this universal entity. Contrary to the Bible where the world emerges as a result of Gods word, or Logos (Genesis 1, 3; John 1, 1-3), the universe appeared through the thought of the goddess and her sisters, the tight link of humans to the nature are also more apparent in Pueblo Creation story. In the Bible, people are created and let in the Garden of Eden directly by God, in the Pueblo tradition they come into the world due to th e hard efforts of the animals Antelope and Badger. Such a world outlook determines the monistic perception of the reality, it influences both the language and the storytelling of the Pueblo people. Stories are the part of their everyday life, they are multidimensional, web-like, organized in a complex structure that stretches far beyond chronological or formal logical framework. There are many repetitions, characteristic of the oral speech, digressions, stories-within-stories etc that make their stories a multilayer texture. There are no separate stories in Pueblo folklore each story is a part of some more general or fundamental story, and the latter in turn constitutes larger stories, so that the whole Pueblo traditional and even modern everyday discourse is one big story with a huge number of smaller and infinitesimal subdivisions. The stories are always bringing us together, keeping this whole together, keeping this family together, keeping this clan together tells us Leslie Silko. The destination of story is thus to preserve the wholeness of the universe. The author gives us three illustrations, three stories that are still being told and re-told until nowadays. The first one relates about a young man who lost his new Volkswagen and felt very bad about it. The structure of the story may be defined as the threefold one: 1) the guy earns money, purchases the car and drives it; then 2) it falls into the ravine and is broken to pieces; 3) there come his friends and relatives trying to offer him consolation. What do they do in particular? They tell stories about the people who also lost their cars in the ravine, moreover, many of them lost their children and parents when their cars were going down into the arroyo. The third part of the story is an essential element of Pueblo storytelling. Those stories join the guys life experience to those of the other people, and when put into that context, his loss is (or seems) not so great, he turns out to be relatively lucky, because he shunned the danger of losing his own and his relatives lives. The stories of the friends and neighbors turn grief into consolation, desperation into hope, loneliness into amiable support. Finally, that guys experience joins the common discourse of people whose cars fell into the arroyo, that guy consequently joins those people, he is not alone and that is the greatest consolation possible in such circumstances. The second story about a girl who drowned herself in Kawaik Lake is more dramatic. There can be also distinguished three parts: 1) girls request to her mother to cook her yashtoah, the conditions her mother announces; 2) girls decision to get drowned; 3) carrying out her decision and her mothers return home. The core part of the story seems to be the second one, for it shows the transformations in the girls decisions and intentions. There are also stories-within-stories here, and certain periods and details are highly repetitive, they are yashtoah, Im going to Kawaik and jump into the lake there and similar phrases. The girl tells the old man about her quarrel with her mother and her suicidal decision, the man, in turn, goes to her mother and tells her what her daughter is about to do. These stories are so intertwined and interwoven, so organically situated in the context, that it is problematic to take them out of there. The story is more or less organized in a chronological order, the sequence of events is not interrupted but attention should be paid to the fact that this story was heard by the author of the essay in a modernized version from her aunt. It is a vivid argument that traditions, and Pueblo storytelling in particular, possess a dichotomic nature on the one hand, they pass the ancient experience of the ancestors on to modern generation, on the other hand, they include the present experience of the people and add them to the common stock of Pueblo history. So, the previous, present and future generations are not separated, they are connected by a strong link of storytelling, which preserves the past and provides space for the future. What is more, this story explains why the butterflies are so beautiful and multicolored. The story of a girl is tightly connected to the biological diversity in the animal world. The third story happens in modern time, but it is nevertheless organized according to the existing pattern of Pueblo storytelling tradition numerous repetitions, associations, reminiscences, stories-within-story etc. The woman goes into details of the troubles of her life loss of husband and mother, hardships of employment etc but it ends with a glimmer of hope, she meets with her aunt and grandfather, the latter gives her a very dear present a silver 1907 dollar, which shocks every member of their family. Later, as she writes, I kept it for a long time because I guess I wanted to have it to remember when I left my home country. The silver dollar presented by her poor grandfather became a material token of her warm memory of her family, childhood and homeland. Thus, the storytelling does not appear to be something that is done at bedtime in the life of Pueblo Indians, it is the essence of their life. Detaching oneself from the mentioned stories, and having a look at the essay as the whole, it becomes evident that the essay itself is a Pueblo story, although told to the non-Pueblo people. It incorporates the analyzed stories, it is originally oral, it is saturated with the monistic worldview and it has a fair chance to be incorporated into a larger piece of storytelling and is already the constituent of the Pueblo Indian discourse. The essay is also peculiar for being addressed to the two worlds the traditional world of the Pueblos and the modern globalized world. This essay intends to initiate and hold a dialogue between these worlds, to deepen the mutual understanding that may result in mutual enriching of the two distinct cultures. The author herself and the people she tells the stories of are inspiring examples of the success on this way of reciprocal understanding. She and the characters of the stories are integrated into modern American society, but they did not lose touch with their cultural and ancestral legacy either. Although this view is not in full accord with Paul Lorenz who states that the values of American Indian cultures have been forced to confront the alien values of European American culture (Lorenz 59). One more important aspect of the storytelling should be paid due attention to as well the unity of teller and listener. Leslie Silko emphasizes the importance of the latter a great deal of the story is believed to be inside the listener; the storytellers role is to draw the story out of the listeners (Silko 51). Ib Johansen, however, views this issue from a bit another perspective In traditional societies storyteller plays an important role; he/she is placed at the very center of the community, and his/her activities are considered as essential to the very self-awareness or sense of identity of the community (Johansen) it is the teller whom Ib Johansen places as the key figure in storytelling. Here we see a classic example of the European approach. As it occurs to me, there is not the notion of central or key role / importance in Pueblo Indian world outlook. Important are all the inhabitants and objects of the world despite their role, size, destination; all of them are of equal relevance, all are necessary, all indispensable, all divine. The monistic and pantheistic approach to life, people, phenomena and objects determines the reverent attitude towards them, on the one hand, and creates difficulties in establishing the hierarchy of values, on the other hand. It is indeed problematic to define what passage is most important in a certain story, or what relations are more preferable either personal, or tribal, or clan ones. Paul Lorenz recognizes that the fiction of Leslie Silko is the product of American Indian, rather than Western, cultural values (Lorenz 59). Indeed, the very style of her essay shares many common features with the traditional Pueblo Indian narratives. It is evident in her reference to ethnologists and anthropologists who tend to differentiate the types of stories the pueblos tell she says that the people of her ethnic group never divide the stories into classes, family stories are given equal recognition (Silko 51). A distinctive characteristic of the storytelling among this tribal group of Indians is that they attach more importance to what is said than how something is said, the content is more important than the form according to Pueblo weltanschauung. The particular language spoken isnt as important as what a speaker is trying to say, writes the author of the essay. That peculiarity is also marked by Ib Jansen when he retells case of an Eskimo woman accused of killing a storeman. Thus, the notions of myth, legend, parable, tale and the like are not quite applicable to the tradition of Pueblo storytelling, they are difficult or, even impossible, to differentiate in the context of their culture. The Creation story, Home Country story, the story of the young mans Volkswagen and the speech of Ms Silko are of equal relevance and credibility in the eyes of Native American. They do not abandon negative stories of their own families and clans; they are always trying to convey the content, essence of the story so that the expressive means retreat to the background. The cosmogonic and sacred myths are as plausible as their own experience in the context of Pueblo Indian Culture. Summing up, it is reasonable to point out that Language and Literature from a Pueblo Indian Perspective and the other works mentioned in this paper focus on the essential characteristics of Pueblo peoples storytelling tradition, they emphasize its monistic worldview, illustrate how several stories may unite into one; their language and the whole life are tightly linked to the stories and cannot be imagined without each other. Pueblo Indian storytelling tradition cannot but be recognized as a truly valuable constituent of the American and world culture.